Radiation Absorbed Dose From 201 TI Thallous chloride Essay

Radiation Absorbed Dose From 201 TI Thallous chloride - Essay Example Thomas SR, Stabin MG Castronovo FP, Radiation-Absorbed Dose from 201Tl-Thallous Chloride. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 46 No. 3 502-508. 2005 by Society of Nuclear Medicine. 02-03-06. Radiation dosimetry for 201Tl-thallous chloride has been developed by several authors1. The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) dose estimates for 201Tl chloride have incorporated values of testicular uptake published by Gupta et al2 and Hosain and Hosain. 1. There is a problem when dosimetry is calculated in this way: the values for testicular uptake at 24h reported by these authors for adults are significantly higher than those reported by other authors e.g., Atkins et al, Krahwinkel et al., Rao et al. 4. Further, the authors estimated the possible contribution to radiation dose from several radioactive contaminants that are often present in 201 Tl preparations, and have evaluated the consequence of administration time relative to preparation. 1. The uptake of 201Tl in the testes after intravenous administration of an isotonic solution is not as high as estimated in some studies, which have formed the basis for recommendation of radiation dosimetry by the ICRP. 2. Since these data have been used to estimate testes radiation dose in children, the corresponding values are also higher; the authors hypothesized that even these values need to be revised downwards. 3. When Thallous chloride is provided as an isotonic solution, the possible contaminants are 200Tl, 202Tl, and 203Pb. With longer shelf life, the contribution of 200Tl decreases whereas that of 202Tl increases. The equipment necessary to perform this research are: (1)Diagnostic exercise myocardial scintigraphy (2)Quantitative testicular scintigraphy (3)Lead vinyl shield (4)201Tl standard vial with saline (5)MIRDOSE

The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Proposal

The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Proposal Example veil, a message regarding the power of the symbol itself as a symbol and the importance of considering individual interpretation as a part of this meaning. Nathanial Hawthorne wrote from a deep immersion in the Puritan world, having had ancestors that landed on North American soil with a Bible in one hand and a sword in the other, ready to tame the wilderness (Swisher, 1996). His hometown of Salem, Massachusetts was the setting for the most brutal witch trials documented in this country and his education reinforced the beliefs espoused by such trials and the religion that made them possible. These influences figured strongly in his writings, often forming the basis of his tales. This is true whether he was writing short stories or longer novels, whether he was writing of times long past or of a more contemporary period and whether he set his stories in his homeland or moved them all the way across the sea into Italy. The way that Hawthorne used this influence reveals a deep questioning of the validity of the beliefs to which he’d been raised to adhere (Erlich, 1984). Few of his stories offer straight-forward tales that are easil y understood on first reading. Some, like his short story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, leave a great deal open for speculation. The meaning of the minister’s black veil has been debated since the story was first printed, but it seems clear that the veil is intended to symbolize something much greater than a quick assessment might imply. The story itself seems simple enough. It opens as the village people are called to the church for a normal Sunday mass and the minister emerges wearing a heavy black veil. The veil permits his mouth and chin to be seen, being just long enough to be touched by his breath, but keeps his eyes constantly shrouded from the rest of the world. The congregation responds to this strange appearance of their minister as he takes his place in the church, delivers his sermon and then attempts to