The Idea of the Gesamtkunstwerk in the History and Theory...

SCOTT D. PAULIN The Idea of the Gesamtkunstwerk in the History and Theory of Film Music ( From early prescriptive writings on film-music practice to recent theoretical considerations of the status of music in cinema, the name of Richard Wagner has recurred with a regularity approaching inevitability. His sheer persistence as a figure in the literature has had a tendency to naturalize his position in the genealogy of cinema, making it difficult to assess the true nature and extent of his influence. Wagner is cited as a model (or the model) for film-music composers and performers to follow, and concepts such as the Gesamtkunstwerk, unendliche Melodie, and the Leitmotiv circulate widely, frequently detached from Wagner’s name†¦show more content†¦From early prescriptive writings on film-music practice to recent theoretical considerations of the status of music in cinema, the name of Richard Wagner has recurred with a regularity approaching inevitability. His sheer persistence as a figure in the literature has had a tendency to naturalize his position in the genealogy of cinema, making it difficult to assess the true nature and extent of his influence. Wagner is cited as a model (or the model) for film-music composers and performers to follow, and concepts such as the Gesamtkunstwerk, unendliche Melodie, and the Leitmotiv circulate widely, frequently detached from Wagner’s name and from his own theoretical treatment of them. Occasionally his influence is decried; more commonly, however, film music practitioners have received criticism for not being Wagnerian enough. In short, Wagner’s relevance is taken for granted, but the paths through which his influence was passed down to film are unclear and disparate: Secondary and popular writings? â€Å"Common knowledge† about his practices? Live experience of the music dramas? Study of his scores? Close reading of his theoretical writings? In most cases, the rather vague nature of the Wagnerist texts suggests that less rigorous routes were probably most prevalent. A cr itical step back is necessary to determine the meaning of this particular

John Steinbeck Outline - 824 Words

John Steinbeck Outline I. John Steinbeck used his personal experiences as a laborer to write many of his novels like Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. II. John Steinbeck’s Life A) Family 1. His dad served as the county treasurer. 2. His mom was a school teacher. 3. He was one four children and was the only boy. B) Childhood and Adolescence 1.Born on February 27, 1902 2.Began telling stories as a child 3. Sent short stories to magazines under a false name 4. He was interested in biology, the study of human life 5. Large guy, advantage because he excelled in track and basketball 6. Wrote for the school paper 7. Was the president of his senior class C) Young Adult Life 1. Worked his was through college at Stanford University but†¦show more content†¦Wrote about America’s social problems and the poor. *The Red Pony- about an impoverished family trying to find a better life *Of Mice and Men- about the troubles of migrant farmers IV. Of Mice and Men A) About the Novel 1. Friendship between two migrant workers 2. Lenny is â€Å"simple minded† and a bit slow 3. George is his protector and guides him, he takes care of Lenny B ) Quotes 1. â€Å" Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place.† 2. â€Å" O.K. Someday - we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a Little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and----† C ) Connection 1. John worked as a laborer during summer vacation as a teenager. He learned what obstacles they had to work through. He also experienced the hardships as a laborer. 2. John met many migrant workers that shared they’re experiences with him. V. The Grapes of Wrath A ) Summary 1. Illustrated the hardship and oppression suffered by migrant laborers during the Great Depression. 2. Its about a family who travels west to find work. B ) Positive Impact on Society 1. â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath had an immediate and explosive effect on the public.† 2. Migrant laborers called him a hero for expressing the real conditions. 3. It was the biggest selling novel since Gone with the Wind 4.Was made into a movie just a year after it wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of The Chrysanthemums1139 Words   |  5 Pagesits author. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. The locale of the story is of key resemblance to the Salinas in which Steinbeck was born and bread. Salinas was a typical American small town, [differing] only in location and a few distinctive features (McCarthy 3). The protagonist of this story, Elisa Allen, also resembles Steinbecks first wife. Steinbeck probably based the character of Elisa Allen on his own first wife, Carol Henning Steinbeck. 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As the novel progresses, we begin questioning innate truths. Steinbeck uses his literary prowess to entwine us withi n a story of loneliness, loss and morality. TheRead MoreLoneliness in Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesLoneliness in Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck In the book Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck loneliness is very significant and a major theme. Many of the characters are very lonely and some of them try to look for an alternative way of life. George and Lennie have each other, Candy has his dog to keep him company, Crooks is lonely because he is black and Curley’s wife was so lonely it killed her. The book Of Mice And Men is set a few miles south of Soledad, which Read MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck989 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is placed in the time period of the Great Depression. Poverty haunted the minds of men and made them evil and twisted. Dreams were the only source of comfort after a day’s work in the ranch as seen in Lennie and George’s dream of buying their own ranch and â€Å" livin’ fatta’ of the land’ †To achieve their dream now was harder than ever due to depletion in money during the Great Depression. After George kills Lennie, he realizes that by killing Lennie, theRead MoreHandicaps, Hardships, and Friendships in Of Mice and Men1362 Words   |  6 Pagesperfect. The American Dream means having freedom, equality and opportunity’s to achieve the dream that you conceptualize to be right by you. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck did not want to just illustra te the American dream as being easy, but he wanted to point out the American Dream as being difficult too. Steinbeck made a work of art by composing a great novel to make the reader understand that life can be difficult and at times dreams are hard to achieve. Of Mice and Men was written andRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s An Inspector Calls 1653 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbeck and Priestley are both writers who had avant-garde and dynamic opinions on society and through this had enlightened messages to convey through the craft of their writings. Although both of their messages were formed around the events and society at their time, they both used roles of responsibility in characters relationships and in characters individually during both of their writing in order to communicate their messages to the reader. The idea of using responsibility as a courier forRead MoreGeorge Lennies Relationship in Of Mice And Men, by John Steinbeck705 Words   |  3 Pages When the Great Depression was rampant, a lot of people would live job-to-job, just to get by. In the novel Of Mice And Men, by John Steinbeck, George and Lennie have an odd relationship by how its both positive and negative. George and Lennie were chased out of a town called Weed, because Lennie was feeling a girls skirt; the girl had been scared by Lennie, and tried to run away, but Lennie wouldnt let go. After being chased out of Weed, George and Lennie rode a bus south, away from Weed, butRead MoreAllegories in of Mice and Men1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, ‘Of mice and Men’, John Steinbeck uses allegory to represent different themes and messages. An allegory is a story, poem or a picture which can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning. While reading Steinbeck’s book I noticed different metaphors such as the usage of animals and Curley’s wife. Throughout the whole book the reader can notice many animals mentioned such as rabbits, mice, the puppy and the old dog. Curley’s wife is also a sort of symbol. She represents the way in whichRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 799 Words   |  4 PagesUday Sharma Ms. Hunt ENG-3U0 7/19/2015 Lennie Small: Character Analysis What happened to their dream? What went wrong? Of Mice and Men; by John Steinbeck is a novella about George and Lennie. George is a quick and witty person, whereas Lennie is slow and strong. Lennie Small is a child-like character who is innocent, kind-hearted, and short-tempered, these traits are some of the factors to many of the mishaps throughout the novella and relate to the theme that true friendship requires sacrifices

Alzheimers Disease for Dementia with Lewy Bodies - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAlzheimers Disease for Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Answer: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease which destroys the memory and the other significant function of the brain. In the initial stage individuals with the Alzheimer's disease, observes the mild bewilderment and difficulty in the identification (Albert, 2003). Finally, people suffering from the disease may even fail to remember significant persons in their lives and with this also undergo theatrical character changes. This disease was first of all described in the year 1906 by a German neuropathologywhose name was Alois Alzheimer (Price, 2003). Further, by the early 21st century, it was predictable as the larger ordinary form ofdementiain among the older people. An approximate of 47.5 million persons international were breathing with dementia in the year 2016; that stature was ordinary to augment to 75.6 million by the year 2030 (Price, 2003). The cause of the Alzheimer's Disease among the individuals is the collection of brain disorder which causes the slaughter of social skills and intellectual skills. In Alzheimer's ailment, the brain cells deteriorate and pass away, causing the balanced decline in reminiscence and mental role (Price, 2003). Thediseaseis categorized by the annihilation of nerve connections and the nerve cells in thecerebralcortex of the mind and by an important thrashing of brain acummulation (Mrak, 2009). Current Alzheimer's illness management and medication strategies may for the time being improves symptoms(Albert, 2003). Pathological features of Alzheimer's disease The AD is considered disgustingly by progressive gliosis and atrophy, primary of the mesial temporal lobe and hippocampus, believed by erstwhile alliance cortices (parietal and frontal lobes), and at length by main sensory or motor cortex (DeCarli, 2007). AD is categorized diagnostically by two histology conclusions: (1) extracellular Aamorphus Eosinophilic deposit of the amyloid, which has A peptides (it basically is the cleavage manufactured goods of APP), that are considered to as the amyloid plaque and (2) intraneuronal aggregate of the unusually customized microtubule concerned protein tau (DeCarli, 2007). TAU. Neurofibrillary deterioration is categorized by the authentication in the neuronal corpse plus process of inexplicable polymers ofthe extra-phosphorylated microtubule connected protein tau. Tau aggregate as a pair of the filament which is warped around each other (harmonizing helical filament) (DeCarli, 2007). These deposits get in the way with the cellular function by displacing of the organelles. They damage the axonal convey with the distorting of the acute spacing of the microtubules, consequently upsetting the nourishment of the axon dendrites and terminals. No mutation of tau gene happens in the AD (DeCarli, 2007). Uncharacteristic tau primarily appears in the entorhinal cortex, after that in the hippocampus, and at later stages in association cortex (Mrak, 2009). Recent observations in the transgenic pests recommend that the extend of the anatomically of the pathology linked area occur by a passage of the abnormal tau from corner to corner of the synapses (Clough et.al, 2 015) Together neurofibrillary tangles and the amyloid plaques are willingly recognized using silver discoloration techniques like the Gallyas or Bielschowsky. Amyloid plaques are from time to time referred to as the senile plaques in the ancient literature as of their extensive organization with dementia. Amyloid and plaque with a confirmation of the scratched neuronal process is known as the neurotic plaques (Clough et.al, 2015). Accumulating confirmation suggests that it is concerned with the acute aetiology of the AD, even though the method has not been completely elucidated. The Amyloid angiopathy is yet additional pathologic judgment in the AD range, in which the A accumulate in the medium of the minute arteries. The Amyloid angiopathy very easily can be recognized by means of stain for the Amyloidal protein (thioflavin-S, Congo red), or the immunohisto element staining adjacent to the A. Even though amyloid angiopathy has been associated to the lobar haemorrhages, this basically is not at all a firm predictor of the cognitive position. Alzheimers demonstration enhanced the hippocampal among the comprehensive brain atrophy, but the appropriate levels of the contraction have not at all been standardized and quantified.The ever growing evidence suggests that as the age advances, dementia which "looks exactly like the" Alzheimers is usually likely as per the combination of the Alzheimer's pathologies as well as so many other kinds of the pathologies called as the "mixed dementia. The characteristic neuropath logical cryptogram of he Alzheimers illness is the neurofibrillary tangles and the amyloid plaques. Plaques mainly consist of the high value protein portion beta-amyloid. This portion is bent from a "parent" particle which is known as the amyloid forerunner protein.Tangles have in it the tau, which is a kind of protein that is involved in the maintenance of the inner structure of the neuron system cells. While tau is in general customized by phosphorylation, or the addition of the phosphate acute molecules, disproportionate phosphorylation appears to put in the intertwine configuration and to prevent the protein on or after haulage out of its standard functions. Oxidative strain, or injury to the cellular structure poisonous oxygen molecules known as the complimentary radicals, is also considered as a pathological attribute of the Alzheimers individuals with Alzheimers characteristically practice brain tenderness. Many of the old long-suffering with the Alzheimers demonstrate signs of cerebro vascular illness in total to the "classic" Alzheimer's neuron pathology The clinical description which occurs as an effect of the pathological changes: Abnormalinsulin,which is signalled in the mind, has been connected with the Alzheimer disease. Under standard circumstances, insulin bind to the insulin receptors, that are articulated in the great statistics on the comprehensive membranes of the neurons, tomake easythe neuronal intake ofthe glucose, that the brain is dependent on to continue out its numerous tasks (Boxer Miller, 2005). On the other side, the patients suffering from the Alzheimer diseases have very fewer neurons in their brain power, the receptors of the insulin, as a result, are dead set against the insulin performance (Boxer Miller, 2005). As an outcome of insulin compatibility in connecting with the neurons, it starts accumulating in the serum of the blood, which leads to the accumulation of the conditions which are known as the hyperinsulinemia; hyperinsulinemia is known as the abnormally high level of the insulin serum (Boxer Miller, 2005). Hyperinsulinemia in the head is suspected for stimulating the inflammations which result in stimulating the configuration of the neuritic plaques (Boxer Miller, 2005). The signal of the abnormal insulin in the mind is associated along with the death and dysfunction of the nerve cells, decrease in the levels of the acetylcholine and with this low in the levels of the transthyreti, this is the protein which normally helps to bind and transportation of the protein named amyloid-beta for the brain (Boxer Miller, 2005). The existence of the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the mind helps in the to detect the disease Alzheimer in the autopsy. The Neuritic plaques are also known as the senile, amyloid plaques or the dendritic that consists of the weakening of the neuronal material that surrounds the deposit of certain sticky protein, which is known as the amyloid beta or also known as beta-amyloid (Jellinger, 2008). Beta-amyloid protein is in turn obtained from the bigger molecules known as the amyloid precursor protein, which is the standard component of the nerve cells (Jellinger, 2008). Neurofibrillary tangle is the warped fibres of protein that are situated inside the nerve cells. Such fibres include the protein, known as the tau, which is usually present in the neurons. A time when the protein is processed incorrectly, the molecules tau are clumped together and results into the tangles (Jellinger, 2008). The neurofibrillary tangles and the neuritic plaques, which are present in the brain of the healthier elderly individual in the lesser quantity and is believed in interfering the one or the other way in the functioning of the normal cell (Jellinger, 2008). On the other hand, it is not recognized whether the tangles and plaques are the cause or the outcome of the disease. In animals, the research suggested that the amyloid-beta plaques are formed as expected in the mind in reply to infection, ration to entrap the microorganisms. Conclusion: The traditional neuropathy logical lesion together with neurofibrillary tangles and senile amyloid plaques defines Alzheimers illness, but they probable symbolize the tip of the iceberg of the pathological alteration that source the cognitive turn down connected with Alzheimers illness (Malkki, 2013). Certainly, the expansion of new biomarkers and imaging apparatus has ended with evident that such neuropathy logical stigmata of Alzheimers illness begin to mount up a decade or further previous to a scientific diagnosis of dementia (Malkki, 2013). Neuronal loss, plasticity changes, synaptic loss and the attendance of soluble minute oligomeric form of A and also of tau, is probable in contributing to the progressive failure of the neural system which is occurring from the decades (Malkki, 2013). The consideration of the disease natural history is significant to intend primary or secondary avoidance strategies to stop the progress of the disease succession before the harming the neural s ystem become irreparable. References Albert, M. (2003). Detection of Very Early Alzheimer Disease Through Neuroimaging.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,17(Sup 2), S63-S65. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200304002-00010 Boxer, A., Miller, B. (2005). Clinical Features of Frontotemporal Dementia.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,19(Supplement 1), S3-S6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wad.0000183086.99691.91 Clough, Z., Jeyapaul, P., Zotova, E., Holmes, C. (2015). Proinflammatory Cytokines and the Clinical Features of Dementia With Lewy Bodies.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,29(1), 97-99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wad.0b013e3182969905 DeCarli, C. (2007). Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders: New Directions.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,21(4), 269-270. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wad.0b013e31815958eb Jellinger, K. (2008). Neuropathological Aspects of Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia.Neurodegenerative Diseases,5(3-4), 118-121. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000113679 Malkki, H. (2013). Alzheimer disease: Sleep alleviates AD-related neuropathological processes.Nature Reviews Neurology,9(12), 657-657. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.230 Mrak, R. (2009). Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes in morbidly obese elderly individuals.Clinical Neuropathology,28(01), 40-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.5414/npp28040 Price, J. (2003). Aging, Preclinical Alzheimer Disease, and Early Detection.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,17(Sup 2), S60-S62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200304002-00009

Dentralization Pros and Cons Essay Example For Students

Dentralization Pros and Cons Essay When it comes to decentralization, there are many pros and cons. Decentralization can be beneficial in the fact that it allows for experts to take control of specific functions of an organization and easily convey information back and forth. It also allows for direct contact and relationships with managers. Decentralization also allows managers to participate in planning. Unfortunately, there are disadvantages of decentralization as well. Some managers will find that they have too much work to do and other will have too little. It will also become difficult to have managers take on different tasks or projects if needed because of overspecialization. Also, if one manager leaves, there will not be anyone to pick up his place with quite the same knowledge and expertise. Centralization is another method which has its pros and cons. A positive aspect is the fact that the corporate decision maker has full control over the organization and the decisions that the organization must follow. The organization may also benefit from the fact that all information is reported to the corporate decision maker; he or she listens to all comments and concerns and is able to infer from all information received. There are disadvantages to centralization as well. The larger an organization becomes, the more information that one manager has to comprehend and consider; eventually he/she will need help. Tasks will have to be divided or else the organization will become disorganized and at times, seem chaotic. What happens if the manger is away for whatever reason? Timely corporate decisions are impossible when no one is around to make them. Whether an organization chooses centralization or decentralization is completely a matter or choice. One system may work better than the other depending on the situation or the type of organization. It is an important choice and should be carefully and wisely considered.

Why Women Grow Beards Essays (485 words) - Facial Hair, The Beards

Why Women Grow Beards A very long time ago, women grew beards. They were not like the beards of men. Women's beards were longer, thicker, and were more beautiful than those of men. The women took good care of their beards. Some became so proud of them that they looked down on men, including their own brothers and fathers and husbands. One of the proudest was Jenny. She and her three sisters were the daughters of a man named Ray. They were admired for their beauty, but they were most admired for their beards. Near their home lived a wealthy and good looking king named Eric. His favorite treasure was his gold pickle ring. His daughters helped him out a lot. One of his daughters saw one day that the servants were very busy, and decided to help them by washing all the plates in the castle herself. She picked them all up but did not realize that one of the plates was the plate on which the ring was kept on. She took the plates, along with the plate with Erics gold pickle ring, down to a stream to wash them. She never saw the ring slip off the plate into the stream. The river carried away the ring, and a fish swallowed it. Downstream, a boy was fishing. He caught enough fish that day to sell some and bring the rest home to his family. After he cooked a fish for himself, he cut it open and found the ring. He took the ring to town the next day and sold it to a towns-women named Jenny. The king was known and respected by everyone , but the boy did not know that the ring was the king's, Jenny did, but was too proud and selfish to return it to the king. Instead she hid the ring inside her long, thick beard. It was not long before King Eric discovered that his ring was missing. No one, including his daughter, had any idea what had happened. The news of the missing ring was announced throughout the kingdom. The fisher-boy heard of it and realized whose ring had been in the fish. Knowing that Eric would not punish him because he didnt know, he ran to the king's servants and told them how he had found the ring and, not knowing whose it was, had sold it to a woman named Jenny. The king's servants searched everywhere for Jenny, but no one knew where she was. She had hid, hoping to figure out a way to keep the ring. Not being able to find her, King Erics servants said that the king will offer to marry any woman who could bring back his ring. No one in town had been told why the servants were searching for Jenny. There was confusion while the women searched every corner of the town. Philosophy

Summer Law School Reading List for 1Ls

Summer Law School Reading List for 1Ls If you enjoy reading and would like suggestions for legal-themed books before you begin your first year, you’ll find a summer law school reading list for 1Ls below. If you want to check out some other reading list suggestions, check out these lists from the ABA:   The  25 Greatest Law Novels Ever  and   30 Lawyers Pick 30 Books Every Lawyer Should Read.   Sometimes before law school it can be fun to get excited about the law. And what better way to do that then reading some quality fiction and non-fiction. This list wont necessarily make you an excellent law student, but it will get you excited about the law and also entertain you while you are relaxing over the summer.   But before we dive into the list of things to read this summer, a note on what not to read law school textbooks and supplements. Trust me, you will have plenty of time to read them in law school. I wouldnt worry about the substantive law during your pre-law summer. Instead, think about working on the skills needed to  make you the best law student you can be.   Legal Fiction   The Paper Chase  by John Jay Osborn Jr.  This book, which is also a well-known legal film, follows the story of James Heart who attends Harvard Law School. You will watch him struggle in class, study for exams and fall in love. (Little known fact, the author is now a law professor himself. I have taken his class and he is not as intimidating as Prof. Kingsfield in the book!) Billy Budd  by Herman MelvilleBilly Budd is about a sailor on a British Warship. But, when he is falsely accused of mutiny he strikes back, killing another person on the ship. He is tried at sea and the book takes you through the case.   To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper LeeOne of my favorite-all-time books. The book highlights Atticus Finch who is a lawyer that has inspired new lawyers and law students for generations. If you didnt read it in school, pick up a copy today (or watch the movie which is also excellent).   The Firm by John Grisham  Mitch McDeere is recruited as a high paid associate at a l aw firm, but he learns he is actually working for a crime family. If you would rather, you can also check out the movie. A Time to Kill  by John GrishamIf you are interested in the death penalty, you might enjoy this book. This is John Grishams first novel and many think his best. There is also a movie if you would rather have a movie night.   Presumed Innocent by  Scott TurowThis is Turows first novel about a prosecutor accused of murdering his colleague. There is political intrigue, legal maneuvering and a quality ending.   Defending Jacob  by William Landay  The author is a prosecutor-turned-novelist. He takes the transcript of a trial and turns it into a very riveting story (which is not an easy thing to do). I actually listened to it as a book-on-take during a road trip and I thought the story was excellent!   Non-Fiction   A Civil Action by Jonathan HarrThe book discusses a toxic tort case in Massachusetts and gives you a window into how this type of litigation works. You might have also seen the move about this case too. Becoming Justice Blackmun  by Linda GreenhouseThis book discusses the mysterious world of the Supreme Court.    One L by Scott TurowA well known account of a first year law student at Harvard Law. I will warn you, it might stress you out about your 1L experience. You have been warned (and really, 1L year isnt that bad).   Personal History by Katharine Graham  Not necessarily about the law, but if you are interested in the press and freedom of the press, you will be interested in the later chapters of this book.   My Beloved World by Sonia Sotomayor  This is a nice read about Justice Sotomayor of the United States Supreme Court. Her book is honest and interesting for those just beginning their law school   Mindset by Carol Dweck  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹This is a fantastic book that ha s nothing to do with law school, but also everything to do with law school. This book teaches you about two different mindsets. One that can really help you be successful in law school and one that will stand in your way of success. Which one will you choose?

How did the abolitionists proposals and methods differ from those of Essay

How did the abolitionists proposals and methods differ from those of earlier antislavery movements - Essay Example This research will begin with the analysis of the difference between abolitionists’ proposals & earlier antislavery movements. The abolitionist method was focused on making slavery a moral issue. The anti-slavery movement was widely unorganized before 1833. A wide array of societies were scattered such as Pennsylvania Abolition Society and New York City Manumission Society. This movement was supported by the Federal Government. To great extent, the antislavery movement was successful though it faced strict opposition from abolitionists. Liberty Party and Foreign and American Anti-Slavery Society were established to carry forward such antislavery movement. There were great expectations from both political parties such as Whigs and Democrats. The abolitionist movement was more of a religious movement that originated from Protestantism. The earlier antislavery movement was totally based on republican values of equality and liberty. Abolitionists’ proposal was inclined towa rds viewing slavery as a sin and the slave owners as sinners. The abolitionist method had acquired higher energy from Second Great Awakening. As per the abolitionist proposal, the act of slavery is considered to be moral sin in Christianity. Hence such act needed immediate abolition instead of consuming more time as in case of earlier antislavery movement. Hostility was witnessed in North and South due to the abolitionist movement. Slavery was highly intense in North and South. These regions were already subjected to antislavery movement. Slaves were sold in South and mainly blacks were influenced to exhibit slavery. The new law being passed with the support of abolitionist movement attempted to give freedom to many slaves. Northern slavery was on the verge of being abolished and so there was hostility observed in those regions. African Americans were observed as the most powerful critics in context of slavery. Immediate abolitionism in the 1830s raised opposition from South and Nor th.

Architectural ACOUSTICS-The Athens Concert Hall Dissertation

Architectural ACOUSTICS-The Athens Concert Hall - Dissertation Example ......... p. 34 eiv. †¦................ p. 36 F. THE ATHENS CONCERT HALL †¦................ p. 38 fii. †¦................ p. 39 fiii. †¦................ p. 40 G. CONCLUSIONS †¦................ p. 40 gi. †¦................ p. 40 REFERENCES †¦................. p. 43 B. ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS bi Acoustics represents the scientific discipline whereby the construction of the building can be influenced in the initial design stages to maximize desired audio qualities, while minimizing unwanted noise. As such various items will be discussed throughout this analysis describing mechanisms for the isolation of sound from where it is not wanted, as well as other strategies to amplify desired sounds within the specified areas of the structure. The characteristics of architectural acoustics is characterized by fundamental rules which have stood the test of time. Design rules in the past were relatively simple, but as the science of acoustics advances a greater c omplexity is permitted in architectural designs, with the potential of room acoustic simulations and newer analytical tools integrated for the improvement of the old techniques. With the proper understanding acoustic design can meld with standard architecture as an integral component of the overall design process, rather than an intrusive addendum. During the course of this analysis, there are many opportunities where an approach grounded in physics would be possible, but the focus in this instance will represent structural choices more than pure mathematics. Mathematics are included as necessary for comparison purposes, but the number of equations used will be limited. As the physics of architecture has its purpose, but there are a wide range of design choices which might prove equally viable from a purely scientific standpoint, but the architect must render aesthetic and stylistic choices in some cases, as well as a consideration for efficiency. There are many structures possible based upon pure physics, but financial considerations, as well as the preferences of the presumed occupants eliminate certain choices made valid from the perspective of pure science. The architect's role is to bridge the gap between pure aesthetics and hard mathematics. One equation will be included as an example, but there are many avenues the architect may choose from, and this analysis will diminish the role of physics in favor of economic considerations; as well as those concerning appearance. bii. Acoustics are an essential process even for structures not specifically dedicated towards the enhancement or amplification of particular types of sounds. Clearly, optimization of certain sounds are critical for concert halls and opera houses, which require specialized engineering to optimize the abilities of peripatetic performers playing within the structures1, but acoustics are also essential as even for more mundane structures such as office buildings or homes. The principal object ives for these buildings is to permit sound transmission with in the same enclosed area – often from one person to another. Yet at the same time as unwanted noises from outside the building or enclosed room should be impeded as much as possible. This fundamental principle could also extend to opera houses and concert halls, but with more specialized requirements. However, it may not be desirable to completely cancel all external noises from an interior room, for the sake of emergency information. The noise from an alarm or an explosion should be audible within an enclosed room so that

Corruption in Police Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Corruption in Police Services - Research Paper Example This paper tells that police corruption has augmented noticeably with the unlawful cocaine business, with officials acting on their own or in various groups to steal money from traders or dealing out cocaine themselves. Corruption inside police units falls into two essential groups, which are outdoor corruption and interior corruption. For a corrupt action to take place, three different fundamentals of police corruption must be present all together, namely misuse of power, misuse of official ability and misuse of personal achievement. It can be said that authority certainly lean to corrupt and it is yet to be acknowledged that, while there is no cause to presume that policemen as persons are any fewer imperfect than other people of the civilization, people are often surprised and annoyed when police officials are uncovered while defying the law. The reason is simple, as their deviance draws out an unusual sensation of disloyalty.  Nearly all readings sustain the examination that co rruption is widespread, if not common, in police units. The risk of corruption for police is that it might upset the official objectives of the society and may guide the employ of organizational control to persuade and generate crime rather than to prevent it. Common police deviance can consist of cruelty, unfairness, sexual stalking, intimidation and illegal use of armaments. However, it is not mainly apparent where cruelty, unfairness and bad behavior ends and corruption starts. Basically, police corruption plunges into two main groups, outdoor corruption, which consists of police links with the general public, and inner corruption, which occupies the relations amongst police official inside the police department. The outdoor corruption usually consists of one or more of the subsequent activities, payoffs to police by effectively non illegal factors who fail to obey with severe acts or city laws for instance, individuals who frequently defy traffic rules, secondly, payoffs to poli ce by individuals who repeatedly defy the law as a way of generating money for instance, prostitutes, narcotics addicts, dealers and skilled robbers, lastly, "clean graft," where money is paid to police for services they offer or where politeness concessions are specified as a matter of course to the police. A scandal is supposed for both as a publicly build up happening and as a driving force of alteration that can direct to realignments in the formation of power within organizations.  New York, for example, has had more than a half dozen foremost scandals about its police unit in a century. It was the Knapp Commission in 1972 that originally brought consideration to the NYPD when they unconfined the outcome of over two years of inquiries of supposed corruption.  

Forms And Modern Manifestations Of Racism Social Work Essay

Forms And Modern Manifestations Of Racism Social Work Essay Racism embodies the ideology or practice via demonstrated power of perceiving the dominance of one group over others by on the grounds of color, race, ethnicity, or cultural heritage, whereby ethnic minorities might be perceived as being biologically (intrinsically) inferior and, thus, practices detailing their domination and exploitation are justified. In many places across the world, racism is manifested at individual, group, or institutional level. Individual racism comprising of overt acts perpetuated by individuals that injure another or their property; institutional racism, which details processes that, deliberately, or not, yield to the prolonged exclusion of a subordinate group and activities and practices that are fashioned to safeguard the advantages of the superior group and/or sustain or broaden the uneven position of a subordinate group. Racism has over the years been institutionalized and sustained via educational, economic, religious, political, social, and cultural po licies and activities. Racism is functional in that it is employed to sustain structural inequalities within the society that are skewed against individuals of color or minority groups. Systematic discrimination against certain members of visibly identifiable racial and ethnic groups has continued to pervade most aspects of peoples lives inclusive of education, politics, economics, religion, social relationships, housing, and employment. Sources and causes of racism and deeply embedded throughout major aspects of many societies. The sources and causes of racism can be delineated as colonialism whereby the intrinsically racist process of colonialisation availed the basis and continued presence of systematic racism within most societies. Other causes of racism include pervasive ignorance, fear and lack of appreciation of cultural diversity, power and privilege. One of the outstanding impacts of racism in disadvantaging the minorities details the invisibility of the achievement of minorities over the centuries. Since capitalist societies mainly recognize achievements that can be translated into monetary terms, the portrayal of minority groups as criminals or poverty stricken serves to paint them as burdens of history. As a result, racism leads to entrenching of disadvantaged position of ethnic minorities. Historically, racism has been employed to validate the conquering of ethnic minorities to obtain key resources such as land, strategic military outposts, or forced cheap labour. In most societies diverse racial and ethnic groups possess unequal access to power, prestige, presumed worth, and resources whereby individuals possessing superior power, majority group, develop a system of inequality by controlling the less-powerful groups. The resultant system of inequality is then sustained and perpetuated via social forces. The impact of racism within the society are widely manifested in poor health and health services, low wages, inadequate access to mental health services, substandard housing, high incidences of school dropouts, high unemployment and under-employment, and reduced access t higher education opportunities, as well as other institution maladies. It is ironical that the lack of jobs, housing, or other resources has led to minority scapegoating whereby ethnic minorities are increasingly becoming a scapegoat for prevalent social problems within the society. Forms and modern manifestations of racism In equality in access to critical resources within the society such as health across ethnic groups may not be necessarily reducible to socioeconomic arrangement. Indeed, the relative deprivation encountered by ethnic minorities within the society is highly likely to involve more than mere material disadvantage as ethnic minorities face significant alienation and racial harassment. Research indicates that racial harassment and perceptions of prejudice possess significant impact in disadvantaging ethnic minorities within the society. Political sphere In the contemporary society, there is an increase and support gained by political parties and entities that that openly express racist, bigoted, and xenophobic views. This has placed ethnic minorities, who are marginally represented, at a disadvantage mainly through exclusion policies. Minorities are also underrepresented in decision-making and administrative positions and the instituted affirmative programs have only yielded conflict and polarity among the employees. Employment, Racism has been widely reported in the arena of employment, which leads to economic depression for members of the oppressed racial and ethnic groups. The experience of majority of ethnic minority within the job market has not been always pleasant or positive with some individuals from minority groups and recent immigrants earning relatively lower pay than their white counterparts despite being sometimes well qualified and highly educated. In some cases, racial discrimination is reported within the workplace centring on an individuals appearance, denial of career advancement opportunities, and ascription of cultural stereotypes to individuals. There is a continued absence of employment opportunities for ethnic minorities, although the general agreement cited mainly details lack of skills on the part of the ethnic minorities. Nevertheless, in most cases structural barriers hamper access to the labour market, plus other economic opportunities. Similarly, the unemployment rate for adolescents from ethnic minorities is in many instances disproportionately distributed with higher percentages reported among people from ethnic minorities compared to their white counterparts. Education Individuals from minority groups often have lower education attainment. The persistent low levels of educational and occupational outcomes attained by ethnic minorities can be cited, in part, as resulting from structural discrimination within the education sector. This can be regarded as systemic racism and the reluctance education authorities and the government to introduce various cultural models of learning and teaching within the curricula, which in turn leads to a disproportionate access of education. The education system in some societies systematically denies similar access and prospect to children from ethnic minorities, especially where the minorities are poor. Accommodation Some minority groups encounter challenges in gaining accommodation whereby minorities (people of different race or color) are expected to reside in separate districts. This represents a microcosm mirroring all the major facets at all levels of society. Ethnic minorities are often denied accommodation based on race manifested in numerous cases where individuals from the ethnic minorities are informed of availability of accommodation, but later informed of non-availability after their race or ethnic background became known. Similarly, individuals from ethnic minorities are sometimes issued with inadequate and inappropriate public housing stock. In many instances, ethnic minorities have minimal choice as to places that they reside and often end up paying higher rent for less adequate housing. It is documented that mortgage and lending institutions within the U.S. have on several occasions perpetuated the illegal practice of redlining mortgages in minority neighborhoods. Studies in this area have unearthed consistent discrimination against ethnic minorities by financial institutions, real estate agencies, and landlords. Service provision Individuals from ethnic minorities often face discrimination in the day-to-day provision of goods and services manifested by the lack of services availed by majority of Councils. Social service mainly masks symptoms of larger problems such as racism, illiteracy, unemployment, and poverty. The need for social service stem from economic policies and practices and in many cases, the society puts the blame on minority groups and constantly adjust the individuals to suit the existing societal conditions. Criminal justice The pervasive disproportionate high rates of incarceration of individuals from ethnic minorities are frequently cited as mirroring the systemic discrimination within the society. Individuals from ethnic minorities often, especially males, often complain of over-policing. There are numerous claims of individuals from ethnic minorities being searched by security personnel devoid of reasonable justification. The ethnic descriptors employed by the police, politicians, and the media yields criminalization of ethnic minorities. As a result, Ethnic minorities sometimes are unwilling to report incidences of racist crime to law enforcement authorities in the belief that their report will not be acted upon. Minority ethnic groups often possess disproportionately high incidences of criminal offending and victimization. This is largely driven by factors such as persistent racial inequality and concentrated poverty that culminate into frustration, which, in turn, heightens delinquency and possible aggression. Ethnic minorities who are racially segregated and who manifest high rates of poverty, family disruption, social isolation, and unemployment experience high levels of crime and violence. High concentrations of poverty and high levels of racial segregation have interacted to create social conditions that disadvantage ethnic minorities. Healthcare The core factor influencing health inequality within the UK centres on the social class. A significant section of ethnic minorities are frequently located within the lowest social classes, which renders them vulnerable to diseases of poverty and deprivation. Healthcare systems in societies where racism is rife do not meet the needs of people of ethnic minorities whereby healthcare costs continue to increase while the quality and accessibility of services decrease. Moreover, too many health care facilities tend to be established in places that are inaccessible to low-income urban neighborhoods where most ethnic minorities reside. Public welfare The welfare system has in instances been exploited to keep wages low and sustain a pool of people available undertake menial, unskilled jobs. Public welfare services in most instances fail to include services such as educational, child care, family planning, job training, or unemployment insurance services that will contribute to the empowerment of individuals to gain from the economic system. The disregard for individual rights and human dignity, incoherent policies, and contravention of regulations has frequently typified the administration and delivery of public assistance, which, in turn, places minority groups who apply for assistance at a disadvantage. Conclusion Racism significantly restrains and minimizes the contributions that ethnic minorities deliver in any society. Racism is pervasive within majority of societies and continues to be silent code that methodically constrains the opportunities for most minority groups. The consequent discrimination and social exclusion of ethnic minorities can yield to a disadvantaged socioeconomic position and poor health of ethnic minorities within the society. Similarly, racism may disadvantage ethnic minorities as a result of the psychological processes that might stem from the direct experience of racism, or perceptions regarding living in a racist society. It is apparent that members of racial and ethnic dominated groups persist to struggle for equal access and opportunity, especially during moments of widespread, unemployment, and inflation.

The Medias Influence On Society :: essays research papers

Unquestionably the media being newspapers, internet, radio and television, influence society. They can affect, have affected and will continue to affect the progression of life in this nation and around the world, as electronic technology continues to be the chosen mode of communication for a whole generation, offering direct, often anonymous influential information. The media presents "one minded" views that have the ability to reflect societies moods and influence the balance of power. - Death of Princess Diana on August 97 in a Paris Car accident is an example. - Australia t.v showed pictures of the car accident - which told the whole story - Public was influenced by this and felt sorry - The public layed 60 million floral tributes and gifts in her memory - mourners sharing grief - emotionally moving pictures during and after - funeral watched by millions - event which has become one of the most known in this century in history - Media influenced the public to love Princess Diana when the a survey showed by the Australia Bure of Stat showed the 50% of the Australian Population couldn't care much for the Princess before the accident, but after was mortified. - Proved my point The media can cause major shifting in public opinion in the role of authority. - Harry Knowles a journalist stated "it doesn't matter how much money, power or influence you have in today's world world, it can be undermined by the media through technology" - No longer do Hollywood celebrities or industrial giants take control over there future - Take for example US president George Bush - fell down stairs and was filmed on camera - Questions about health arose - and became an instant political issue with the media exploiting him - The image showed dazed Bush - this image did little for his campaign in the election - This collapse would have been brushed away by word of mouth but the probing camera transformed to the net, paper and so forth, shifted the view of the public with Bush for the election. - Prove argument - restate back to topic sentence. The media has progressed to a new public agenda with the advances of technology. - No media technology has ever transformed Australia's life as radically and as rapidly as todays technology - The media is driving the public agenda armed with satellites - 24 hour feeds - the potencial power of this new technology, backed by the media has been named the "global village", meaning the world as one

Greek and Roman Cultures

Alicia Battles AIU-Online Cultural Topics November 11, 2012 Abstract In this assignment I will compare and contrast Greek and Roman Culture. I will discuss the likes and differences of their government, geographic terrain, economics, trade practices, art, architecture, philosophies, and religious beliefs. Greek Terrain- city states separated by hilly countryside and all near water Art- ideal artistic form (Superior to Roman art) Economy- grew wheat, produced, wine and olive oil; thought trading was degrading Social classes- slaves, freedmen, metics, citizens, women; women were not considered citizensGovernment- kings originally ruled, then oligarchy, then democracy Religion- cupid God of Love, Ares God of war, based on human personality traits, Love, Honor, Hatred, Dignity, also their roles in life determined what they were god of; Zeus: sky/weather, Hades: death, Poseidon: sea, aquatics; Physical life was of importance instead of eventuality of the afterlife; Each god had characteri stics that determined their actions; Deities were important for progression of life but mortals were just as Both Geographic Terrain- Mediterranean countriesEconomy- based on agriculture, worked mines, had slaves, produced wine and olive oil, coinage, divided by wealth Religion- same gods but different names and traits Government- originated by kings Philosophy- slowly emerged out of religious awe into curiosity about the principles and elements of the natural world. When Greek population moved to their cities interest changed to social living. Roman Terrain- Rome was inland, and on one side of the Tiber River Art- realistic portraits for decoration Economy- imported wheat, farmers, and also engaged in trade Social Classes- slaves, freedmen, plebeians, patriciansWomen were considered citizens Government- Kings originally ruled, then mixed republican form, then emperors Religion- Eros god of love, Mars god of martial fertility, Deities named after objects; mortals did good deeds to b e rewarded in the afterlife; they strove to gain their place with the gods in heaven Religion- gods not gender specific so their individual characteristics were not central to the myths; myths based in brave, heroic deeds of gods not mortals as mortal life was not important after death; Not individualistic; a warrior found sacred; actions more important than words; gods had no physical mportant as it was their contribution in society that mattered in the end; Individualistic: individuals had more consequences for their actions than that of a group Physical work not as important as creativity Gods were beautiful, bodies, muscles, eyes and hair made them more beautiful. Architecture- Buildings made of wood, clay, or mud bricks, limestone, marble, terracotta, plaster, and bronze; buildings were of the type of religious, funerary, domestic, civic, or recreational themes ppearance; Architecture- Rome adopted most of its architecture from Greek architecture References: http://www. britann ica. com/EBchecked/topic/1350843/Western-philosophy/16256/Shifts-in-the-focus-and-concern-of-Western-philosophy http://www. differencebetween. com/difference-between-greek-and-vs-roman-archit ecture/ http://www. diffen. com/difference/Greek_Gods_vs_Roman_Gods http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/greecevsrome/ss/GreecevsRome_8. htm

Downloading the software essays

Downloading the software essays Finding a software on the internet saves your time and money because it is free. In order to do it you must have an access to the internet (internet is the international computer network linking together thousands of individual networks of computers). Before you download anything I would suggest you to create a Temporary Files folder by opening Windows Explorer, highlighting your hard drive (typically the c: drive), then selecting File/New/Folder. When the folder appears, name it for example: Temporary Files. It will keep some kind of order in your computer. First step to downloading is that you have to enter the internet by opening the internet browser. The most common browser is Internet Explorer. To open it you have double click on its icon, which is on your computers desktop. Than type in the adress of the browser page that you are familiar with (for example: www.yahoo.com) in the field marked "adress". Next step is the most important in the whole process. In the search field, you have to type in the name of the software that you are looking for, avoid misspeling the words. Sometimes the problem is that you do not know the programms name. In that case you have to describe your needs in the same search field; furthermore, try to use as less words that you can. Also, you have to be very precise. When you entered the programs name or your description simply click on "search". Now your browser should provide a list of links where you can find what you are looking for. Under every link there is a short description of the site where it takes you. Sometimes the list is very long and you might find yourself confused with the choice. It is not a rule, but in most of the cases the top results are most accurate; moreover, you should start checking them from the first position. If it is not what you are looking for, go back by clicking on arrow pointed left and try another link. Once you locate the page with the software you wan...

Substance Abuse Media Representation of Drug Abusers

Substance Abuse Media Representation of Drug Abusers The war on drugs is not over yet and it is unlikely to be finished in the recent future. Americans are bombarded by messages about negative effects of substance abuse. Media provide a variety of stories about violent crimes associated with drug abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Officials keep talking about the necessity to launch programs aimed at promulgating healthy life styles. Admittedly, these strategies will help develop appropriate public opinion on the matter. Nevertheless, it is important to take into account various trends existing in the society. Thus, it is important to understand that the attitude towards substance abuse is not static as it is constantly changing. It is also crucial to make sure there is no bias in media representation of substance abusers as this negatively affects development of the Ame rican society. Finally, it is important to understand to what extent the image created by media does influence people and shapes their attitude towards substance abuse. Therefore, it is possible to state that appropriate media representation of substance abuse may help develop American society where drugs are seen as something harmful, unnecessary and needless. To develop appropriate strategies aimed at promulgating healthy life styles, it is necessary to make sure that they will be based on extensive data on substance abusers. According to Kugler and Darley (2012) the very image of drug abusers has changed throughout decades. In the twentieth century, â€Å"the media supported a punitive approach to drug policy† (Kugler Darley, 2012, p. 217). Drug abusers were depicted as people who were often engaged in violent crime activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Reportedly, Americans had concerns that their close ones might become victims of a variety of crimes associated with drugs (Kugler Darley, 2012). Nonetheless, the perception is changing as people start adopting less punitive approach in the twenty-first century. According to Kugler and Darley (2012, p. 217) â€Å"only 30 percent of the public now believes that the government should emphasize arresting drug users† and there is growing support of legalization of such substance as marijuana. In many states across the country, more and more people are changing their viewpoint on the matter. Marijuana is not seen as a harmful drug anymore as it is regarded as another medication. These trends signify the shift in public opinion. Now drugs are not regarded as primary concern in the American society. As has been mentioned above, media representation of drug abusers is subjected to a variety of prejudice. According to Cobbina (2008), racial and ethnic minority groups are often depicted as substance abusers. These groups of people are often associated with drug-related crimes. Cobbina (2008) implemented research based on analysis of more than 100 newspaper articles. The author found that African Americans had often been depicted as substance abusers and criminals who threatened order in the American society. Fig..1. Drug Use in 2002-2011 by Race. This figure illustrates the rates of drug abusers among different race groups (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, it is necessary to point out that race is not the defining factor when it comes to substance abuse. According to US Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Asians turned out to be the ethnic group with lower rates of substance abusers compared to other ethnic groups (see Figure 1). In 2011, the rate of substance abusers were as follows, African Americans (10%), whites (8.7%), Hispanics (8.4%) (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Clearly, race is not the defining factor affecting people’s choice. At the same time, education and socioeconomic factors play primary roles (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Minorities often face a lot of discrimination and they often have fewer opportunities. This may lead to lack of self-esteem which, in its turn, may lead to drug abuse. Nonetheless, the data show that ethnic groups have quite similar rates of drug abusers. Irrespective, of these data media continue developing an image of a substance abuser as a person of color who is often engaged in unlawful activities. Beckett et al. (2005) provided illustration of the image that persisted in the society in the end of the twentieth century and in the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to Beckett et al. (2005), the image of a non-white drug abuser is still strong and still affects the way police treat criminals and suspects. Now many people tend to believe that black or Hispanic drug abusers must be punished severely as they may be engaged in a variety of violent crimes whereas white drug abusers should be let off with warnings and fines and some public works. The reasons why people of different racial groups become substance abusers are also seen differently. White substance abusers are often seen as victims of unemployment, lack of opportunities, bad environment, etc. When it comes to people of color, many consider substance abusers to be criminals, not victims.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to note that this image also persists in media which can have a variety of effects on the contemporary American society. According to Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) media representation shapes public opinion and especially young people’s attitudes towards substance abuse to a considerable extent. The research implemented by Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) illustrates this assumption. Thus, Amy Whitehouse is seen as a talented young female who became a victim of substance abuse. At that, she is seen as a victim of drug dealers. Though, the singer somewhat romanticized substance use in her works, people do not think that she stimulated young admirers to start taking drugs. On the contrary, her sudden death can be regarded as a precaution to all who might consider taking drugs. Amy Whitehouse is an illustration of an image of a white young female who is rather a victim of unfavorable environment. Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) analyzed a number of newspapers articles and it turned out that those sources created the image of a victim. It is possible to elicit another image. Cobbina (2008) provided an illustration of another image. When it came to white arrestees, they were regarded as those who bought the substance for personal use. Again, white abusers were represented as victims who tried to escape from reality as they did not find another way to address their problems associated with financial constraints. At the same time, people of color were depicted as criminals who sold and bought drugs and were drug abusers. It is possible to note that media have created an image of a black arrestee who is a criminal and a threat to the American society. Clearly, these two images have been created on the basis of a variety of biases. People tend to think that people of color often live in poor neighborhoods with few opportunities and this, as people think, inevitably leads to drug abuse. More so, many think that people of color choose criminal path and become a threat to the entire society. At the same time, white abusers are regarded as victims of criminal groups. It is also necessary to note that media representation of substance abusers affects public opinion. Notably, many people keep talking about romanticizing of drugs use as many films and songs create images of a drug abuser who is creative, strong and free. However, latest surveys show that this representation is not enough to make young people start taking drugs (Shaw, Whitehead and Giles, 2010). Though, socioeconomic factors play essential role. Obviously, better life conditions and ‘healthy’ environment will encourage people to live without drugs. Media should also show the other side of drugs without emphasizing such points as ethnicity or race. To sum up, it is clear that media representation of drug abusers is subjected to changes. It reflects trends existing in the society. However, it also influences the way people see substance abusers. Ther efore, it is possible to launch various programs and initiatives to make people understand that drugs are harmful and unnecessary. Media can provide numerous stories creating adequate image of a drug abuser. Of course, this representation should be free from any bias. People cannot continue thinking that white substance abusers are only victims that should be understood and forgiven while people of color should be severely punished if associated with substance abuse. This wrongful representation leads to the situation when some people enjoy impunity whereas others are pursued for slightest mischief. Reference List Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., Pfingst, L. Bowen, M. (2005). Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle. Social Problems, 52(3), 419-441. Cobbina, J.E (2008). Race and class differences in print media portrayals of crack cocaine and methamphetamine. Journal of Criminal and Popular Culture, 15(2), 145-167. Kugler, M.B. Darley, J.M. (2012). Punitiveness towards users of illicit drugs: A disparity between actual and perceived attitudes. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 24(3), 217-221. Shaw, R.L., Whitehead, C. Giles, D.C. (2010). â€Å"Crack down on the celebrity junkies†: Does media coverage of celebrity drug use pose a risk to young people? Health, Risk Society, 12(6), 575-589. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Results from the 2011 national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/

Choose one of the 19th century historical figures of the American Research Paper

Choose one of the 19th century historical figures of the American Civil War - Research Paper Example Harriet Beecher Stowe stated clearly that she believed that the horrors that were experienced during the American Civil War were defined by a type of justice that was afflicted upon those who had owned slaves the same kind of terrible conditions that slaves had suffered under their master’s ownership. The condition of legalized slavery was intolerable to Stowe who wrote about her point of view on the subject in her book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The work was used to ignite a passion for the abolitionist movement, a source for relating to the inhumane treatment that was experienced by those who were subjected to the slavery of the South. Stowe came out of obscurity to write a story that could provide a framework for the slavery experience, a tale that expressed to the Caucasian public a point of view that had not been considered by many. Through the power of her beliefs about the wrong of slavery, Stowe participated in motivating the public into action against the terrible cond itions that had allowed one culture to put another into ownership and slavery. Stowe was born on June 11, 1811 and died on July 1 1896 having written her seminal work, Uncle Tom’s Cabin and published it after she turned 40 in the year 1851. She was born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher and was the daughter of a famous minister, Lyman Beecher with her sister being growing to be a famous educator, Catherine Beecher. She married Calvin Stowe in 1836 and bore seven children, one of which died at a very young age from cholera (Claire Parfait, The Publishing History of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 7-8). Stowe was originally a teacher, writing her first book which was a text book, Primary Geography for Children, in 1833. She became part of a writing group, Semi-Colon, in Cincinnati and used the forum to submit her writings in order to improve her skills. In 1834 her work began to appear in a Cincinnatti weekly paper called Chronicle. She also wrote for the Western Monthly and The Evangelist, a religious magazine out of New York. While she wrote because she loved the experience of writing, she made a small income that supplemented that of her husbands. When in 1837 her husband’s salary was cut due to a financial crisis, she began to work to increase her income through devoting herself to becoming a professional writer (Parfait, The Publishing History, 9).

HRM (a joint venture ) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

HRM (a joint venture ) - Coursework Example rces strategies executed by Sainsbury with regard to the methods through which employees are incorporated in the formulation of policies as well as decision-making processes together with the mechanism that are put in place to ensure he overall performance of the company is always kept on check. The report addresses the primary economic drivers in the United Kingdom where Sainsbury is based as it makes and in-depth analysis of the economy through the PESTLE framework. Conversely, the report makes a comparative analysis of the human resource situation in the United Kingdom about the overall systems in the rest of the world. That notwithstanding, the organizational issues that influence the formulation and implementation of human resource strategies at Sainsbury have been explored extensively as well as the national factors in the United Kingdom that have influenced the same over the past five years. The objective of this report is to formulate a human resource strategy for Sainsbury Plc. That will enable it to enter into joint ventures with other organizations in its global expansion programs. The report has made an in-depth analysis of the retail sector in the United Kingdom together with the general overview of the industry from a global perspective for it to recommend the course of action. Retail industry in the UK has been robust over the past five years with some ramifications shaping the industry. Ideally, there has been a strong sales momentum that has driven the volume of sales that retail outlets are making with Sainsbury being ranked second behind Tesco based on sales volume. High sales volumes experienced in the industry were fundamentally premised by a steady rise in spending that culminated from a period of deflation that has been experienced in the second quarter of 2015. The period of deflation meant the consumers had more disposable income thus they were willing to spend more money on goods and services. Ideally, the deflation that was announced in

Research Proposal (Measure the relation between motivation and Essay

Research Proposal (Measure the relation between motivation and effective performance management) - Essay Example Performance management, in the same context, is a human relations approach to organisational goal-setting which distributes company strategy and identifies employee productivity factors leading to employee discipline or reward. There are, conceptually, five standard steps used in the performance management process that include communicating clear organisational goals, applying managerial practices that encourage employee performance, identifying actual performance levels, producing positive or negative outcomes to employee performance, and evaluating whether organisational goals can be met through the current level of employee productivity. It is proposed that a successful performance manager be aware of the circumstances that affect employee motivation from a psychological standpoint and apply a rather clinical methodology in distribution of productivity feedback for the employee targeted for increased motivation. Essentially, an organisation cannot meet its strategic goals without the assistance of employee talents, therefore, a performance managers role in satisfying employees needs directly impacts company outputs. How does a performance manager, then, handle the role of satisfying employee needs without sacrificing organisational objectives? This study of performance management versus impact on employee motivation will first examine the psychological aspect of human nature by observing Abraham Maslows recognised Hierarchy of Needs. According to Maslow, each individual possesses five main principles that affect intrapersonal satisfaction. He proposes physiological needs (basic elements of survival) as a first step toward fulfilment. Following forward in motivation is the need for safety and security, moving next to love and belonging, then creating a positive self-image, and finally reaching a level of self-actualisation in which the person develops complete satisfaction with overall existence. Maslow

Marriot and Body Shop Aims and Objectives Essay Example for Free

Marriot and Body Shop Aims and Objectives Essay introduction Marriot is an international brand however the purpose of this controlled assessment, they will be my local business known as London Heathrow Marriott-LHM. Marriott is currently a private limited company (PLC) and has two other private investors as owners of the company. The Marriott hotel was founded in 1993 and is located in Harlington, Hayes. Currently its labour turnover for the month of September (2010) is an increase of 10.1%. Marriott acquires approximately 133,000 employee’s world wide and between 8,000-9,000 employees in the UK. My other local business is The Body shop. The Body Shop is an international business Definition of Aims The long-term goals a business wants to achieve. Goals that a business wants to achieve to be successful. Explain what aims are Definition of objectives The specific steps taken by a business to achieve a goal Objectives have to S.M.A.R.T, this stands for: * Specific * Measurable * Achievable * Realistic * Time Marriott’s aims * Guest Satisfaction Superiority * Marriott Profitability Owner Return on Investment * Associate Satisfaction Marriott’s objectives * GSS (Customer Target) 75% (satisfied with overall service) * Sales turnover of  £20m per annum * Labour turnover less than or equal to 25% Summarising Marriott’s aims and objectives Marriot have set themselves three aims that they hope to achieve. These three aims vary from making a profit on their investment to guest and employee satisfaction. Marriott’s first aim and objective focuses on customer satisfaction. They are going to meet this goal by being customer focused and meeting customer needs. To achieve this they will do everything in their power to keep their customers happy to give recommendations to other people and for them to keep coming back to their hotel. They need to deliver the â€Å"wow factor† by providing the best quality of service. They intend to meet this aim by encouraging their guests to complete a â€Å"Guest Satisfaction Survey†. To achieve their aim they need 75% of their customers to be satisfied. The management team reviews all these surveys to find out what they need to improve on to make the hotel and make it the best in the industry. They also focus on associate satisfaction which focuses on the employees. They are striving for labour turnover less than or equal to 25% therefore Marriott hope not to lose more than 1 in 4 of their employees. They aim to make employees satisfied by ensuring their staff is happy. They will achieve this aim by motivating their staff and rewarding them with staff benefits for example LHM offer â€Å"Valuable room rate, food and beverage, and retail discounts at global Marriott locations.† This gives the employees the feeling that Marriott cares about them. Also the amount of pay that is offered by Marriott is higher than most equivalent jobs. This makes the employees want to stay as they know that there is a very slim chance that they will find this amount of pay anywhere else, or they may not get the same amount of bonuses-motivating them to do better- The want the communication between the staff and Marriott management to be strong as this gives the employees the sense that they are involved within the business. Their third aim and objective focuses on Income and money made. Marriott want to make a profit and have a sales turnover of  £20m per annum. By doing this they will be able to maintain share prices and reward shareholders with dividends. Furthermore they will be able to do this by increasing sales revenue for this hotel. This has been set out by the management senior Marriott personnel in the US. The will achieve this by providing the best quality of service. body shopAims * Leading business in the beauty industry * Fair trade * Protect human rights – customers and staff * Protect the Environment and planet body shop objectives * Continue to grow by maximizing sales * All our suppliers have signed the Code of conduct supporting ethical, fair trade program. * Improving working conditions for body shop employees and protecting their Human rights * Every product packaging is made from 100% recycled materials Summary of the body shop aims and objectives

Imports in Agriculture Essay -- essays research papers

How many of you remember what you ate for lunch How many of you know exactly which country your lunch came from Over one-third of the food we eat is shipped from over seas and nearly another 1/3 comes for Canada, Mexico, and South America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the reality; if you don’t raise your food yourself, you don’t know where it came from, or how it was handled. Chemicals such as DDT and Guthion are still used every day in less developed countries that the US buys food from. Toilets and sinks in the field are not even considered in these countries. It seems that if the USDA prohibited DDT and set up sanitation laws in the United States to protect the food we eat, then counties we buy food from should have the same laws. Friends, the best traditions of our National life are in trouble, the cornerstone of the US is giving way. Agriculture, is suffering. You might think, so what! Ag is down right now, but so is every other major industry in the United States. This is not just a sign of the times. The problem is deeper. An economic issue comes into play with imported foods. Domestic food is more expensive because of labor costs, chemical costs, and laws surrounding agriculture that don’t apply in most other countries. It is important to us as Americans have clean food and a clean environment. If we continue to eat contaminated, imported food what good will we be getting out of these laws The bottom line, here in America, is what seems to matter so...

Body Image Essay -- Weight Health Body Image Essays

Body Image   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Just Be" is a familiar slogan to the current American culture. It is the slogan of a well-known designer, Calvin Klein, who, in his advertisements, supposedly promotes individuality and uniqueness. Yet, Calvin Klein, along with all known designers, does not have overweight or unattractive people on his billboard ads, on his runways, in his magazine pictures or on his television commercials. Moreover, the movie, music and the mass media corroborate with the fashion industry in setting and advertising a certain standards for a physical ideal of a human body. Such propaganda promotes the public into depriving themselves of needed nutrition and generates eating disorders within people in order to fit the set standard of the physical ideal. The negative attitude towards overweight population of the modern society is a sociocultural phenomenon. Yet, historically the negativity towards excess in weight was not constant. If one examines the artwork as relatively recent as the works of the Renaissance period, it can be witnessed that women who were somewhat "chunky," were considered beautiful and they were painted and sculpted. "Fleshy" men and women are in the masterpieces of such artist as Michelangelo, de Vinci, Rafael, Goya y Lucientes and etc. Love handles, fat deposits and skin folds were regarded as attractive and were applauded. Cleopatra, for example, was praised for her beauty, yet by modern standards she would be considered overweight. Aphrodite, the goddess of love and the image of perfection, is also viewed as overweight and thickset in the contemporary society and would not be painted or sculpted as "heavy set" as she has been created previously. Nonetheless, she was painted in accordance with the timely regar ds of beauty. Thus, it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 may be observed that during that time frame, as well as during most of the historic periods, the full figured body was preached as normal and ideal and was, though not as intensely and as high-tech, commercialized to the public and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The change in the beauty standard has been observed since 1970's, when beauty pageant contestants, actresses and models began to continuously show a decrease in weight. The analysis of the weight of advertised models, contestants and playboy centerfolds showed that over sixty perc... ...Archives of General Psychiatry. 56, 468. Field, Alison E., Cheung, Lilian, Wolf, Anne M., Herzog, David B., Goltmaker, Steven L., & Colditz, Graham A. (1999) "Exposure to the mass media and weight concerns among girls" Pediatrics. 103. Harrison, Kristen (1997) "Does interpersonal attraction to thin media personalities promote eating disorders?" Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 41. Henriques, Gregg R., Calhoun, Lawrence G. & Cann, Arnie. (1996) "Ethic differences in women's body satisfaction: an experimental investigation." The Journal of Social Psychology. 136, pp. 689-697. Lovejoy, Meg. (2001) " Disturbances in a social body: Differences in body image and eating problems among African American and White women." Gender & Society. 15, pp.239-261. MacDonald, Rhona. (2001) " To diet for" British Medical Journal. 322, pp. 1002. Mulholland, Amy, Mintz, Laurie B. (2001) " Prevalence of eating disorders among African American women." Journal of counseling Psychology. 48, pp.111-116. Stice, Eric (1998) "Modeling of eating pathology and social reinforcement of thin-ideal predict onset of bulimic symptoms." Behavior Research and Therapy. 36

Racism

Maybe it Is not painted In such vivid and bright colors, but It Is still here. There are many Instances that have occurred throughout history that we can pick and choose from to show how prejudiced we really are. Novels have also been written discussing the Issue of racial discrimination one In particular highlighting how appalling and immoral It really Is, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee.Our Australian history is not one to be proud of but one of the things that it does well is display to us how deeply ingrained racism s in our beloved country. The indigenous people who formerly had this land to themselves were classified as fauna. This law was only overturned as late as 1967. In the article ‘Lifting the Veil on Our Ingrained Racism' by Sandy Gifford we are provided with multiple examples proving that racism is a part of our national character.As a child she was told that â€Å"Only colored children wear white shoes†, still to this day she has never ow ned a pair of white shoes. This clearly illustrates to us that even though racism may not be something always so evident, It Is something we take In as hillier and never forget, making It a fundamental part of our society. Social cohesion Is something that will help the multi-cultural population of Australia achieve a community that works together and Is accepting of all people.The endeavourer towards social cohesion in Australia will not be smooth or simple. There will be many steps that have to be taken and bridges crossed. Simon Overland in his article†luminous Is the Key to Harmony† presents us with a viewpoint distinctly in favor of social cohesion. He says that â€Å"Social Isolationism and disengagement teeming, from among other things, racism and negative stereotyping, is the real problem†, referring to our incapability to exercise restraint in our assumptions, â€Å"that all Somalis and Muslims have strong links with terrorism†.Embracing the multic ulturalism that we have been provided with In this country is something that will only lead to a more desirable and valuable way of living. In Harper Lee's novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† one of the main themes explored throughout the story Is racism. In the town of Macomb where this novel Is set, racism appears to be as natural as reheating to the people who live there. Harper Lee brings light to the inherent evils of racism basing the novel around an African-American's conviction.Tom Robinson is convicted purely because he is a black man and his accuser is white. The evidence is so powerfully in his favor, that race is clearly the single defining factor in the Jury's decision. â€Å"Tom's death was typical. Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of a insigne's mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future, just run blind first chance he saw', even after the harsh death of Tom Robinson no sympathy is shown awards him and we really see how deeply rooted racism Is in the culture that Harper Lee describes. To Kill a Mockingbird† Is set In the segregated South during the asses. Black people were highly subjugated members of society and continually classed as ‘lesser'. There Is quite a social hierarchy displayed to the reader In this novel with some of the families who have no money or almost anything else, at the very bottom. But even below these families was all of the black community. All blacks were treated poorly. The level of racism demonstrated in the scenes of this novel is sustained simply by the close-mindedness of the people in the town of Macomb.When writing the novel Harper Lee didn't only include characters who were prejudiced and racist. She also included characters such as Attic's who believed that all humans are equal and he passed on this philosophy to his children, Gem and Scout. This in itself is a way to amend the issue of racial discrimination, offering hope for a better world. Parents teaching their children a way of living which includes considering things from other people's perspectives. Oh never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them†, some of the characters in Lee's novel really did have inner strength and moral courage. For humans to live in peace and finally achieve that level respect and understanding we all want so dearly all we need to do is accept everyone including ourselves for who we are. See each and every human being as equal disregarding any other factors and giving them the level of appreciation you yourself would want. Only then will we all be able to live in harmony. Racism Racism has predominately focused itself around the African American population, however, has not been associated with â€Å"white† individuals. There has always been a racial divide between the two groups and this Is evident In bell hooks' article, which illustrates how â€Å"whites† have made their Identity as fear, power and terrorism. This chapter also goes on to discuss how the â€Å"blacks† have experienced different aspects of terrorism by the dominant white society. Due to both white supremacy and white privilege, African Americans were treated extremely poorly as slaves instead of unmans.There was the belief that â€Å"whites† were misusing the power they had, and the misuse of power would lead to negative impacts on the black community. Although the black community adapted to the values and the habits of the â€Å"whites,† they were hoping for the â€Å"whites† to finally get over the need to terrorize their people. In the article, H ooks discusses that even though times have changed, the black population still feels as if they are being terrorized and are rarely close to the â€Å"whites. Through the misuse of power due to the â€Å"whites,† which led to the rejection f the black community by society, it has made the â€Å"blacks† feel the need to give up their Identity and try to fit In with the white society. Hooks goes on to describe a situation that she had encountered when she went to a cultural studies conference. She felt that there was white dominance In the way everything was organized. Wealth her article, Hooks tries to educate people more about the whiteness, so that individuals can move away from the typical race that exists and recognize the confrontation that still exists in order to identify the other skin color.The way whiteness is designed; it brings up different types of stereotypes in the mind of other people in society and gives it a lot of different meanings. She argues that stereotyping is a way of talking negatively about other races and not being racist at the same time. The differences between the â€Å"whites† and â€Å"blacks† is not something that black Individuals have always created but things such as domination, imperialism, colonialism and racist are the many reasons why black Individuals have felt contrary about their own race. Whiteness† to the black community appears to be better than their own color and race.At the beginning of the article, hooks talks about some of the discussions that students were having in the classroom. When these discussions took place, it amazed the â€Å"whites† as they were listening to how the â€Å"blacks† noticed whiteness. The shock after listening to these comments that black individuals were saying goes to show that white students at the time were uneducated about the other races that existed around them. There was also the mint that hooks made stating that whiteness is pre sent without the awareness of blackness.She uses Baldwin notion to support this argument in which he stated that wherever white men go, they take control. The experiences that Hooks encountered herself are outlined within her article The article, Representing Whiteness In the Black Imagination, gives a better understanding of what people thought about the whiteness issue that â€Å"blacks† were facing during the 19th century. Bell hooks has also demonstrated that an Image of white people has been created In he black community because of the things that have happened in the past.This domestic servants, working in white homes, acting as informants, brought knowledge back to segregated communities – details, facts, observations, and psychoanalytic readings of the white other. † The imagination of â€Å"whiteness† has also affected Hooks as an African American. This article targets many of the arguments that have been discussed within the course. Hooks describ es how black females had been differentiated in comparison to white females, from the point of view of a young black male who grew up in a community where black people had been the victim of racism.Even though this article was predominantly about the black community, it also narrows the focus on how females are viewed and essentially victimized. As presented in Frankness's article, there is the understanding that while females had also been victimized due to white racism. Her article mainly focuses on how black and white females are observed in society and how racism shapes white females. Both of the articles have given a distinct and clear understanding of what occurred in the 19th century. Kooks portrays how white people dominated the black community in America. The stereotypes against the â€Å"blacks† can still be seen in our society and Hooks use of personal experiences gives the reader enhanced knowledge about the prejudice they had to go through. Brandenburg being a wh ite feminist also shares her experiences of racism that has helped shape the life of a white woman. Therefore, the power that the white society had certainly made a negative impact on the lives of several â€Å"blacks† and has made it harder for them to accept themselves for whom they are.

Waste managment in the UK Essays - Waste Management, Free Essays

Waste managment in the UK Essays - Waste Management, Free Essays Waste managment in the UK Introduction Traditionally, when products are no longer of use, we tend to recycle them or dispose of them as garbage. This traditional approach, often labeled as ?cradle-to-grave?, views waste as an Inevitable by-product of production and consumption. However, waste ?costs? us all, through higher prices for raw materials, money spent on diversion and disposal, the environmental impact of disposing of waste, the health costs associated with hazardous materials, and the value lost when products are left to waste in disposal sites. This pathological attitudes were particular cultural responses to a series of basic organizational issues that any organizational or society at large must face. Hence, in this paper I shall develop an analysis of the change programme by the UK on household waste management. In doing so I shall be using organizational structure, learning and culture change as concepts. The main body A good point to begin with is to identify the main stakeholders in the household waste management or in other words, who is involved. A key concept to assess us on this analysis is organizational structure. Structure refers to those parts of organizational life that are relatively fixed and that provide the background against which and within which organizational life gets played out. Now, let?s see the household waste management structure. Figure 1.1 UK Household Waste Management Structure. Even in an organization that has put considerable effort into developing formal goals, there will always be a vast web of other, much less visible goals. However, Household Waste Management official goal is ?best practicable environmental option? (the BPEO). That is the option which provides the most benefit or least damage to the environment as whole, at an acceptable cost in long and short term. Thus, the strategy for sustainable waste management has three objectives: ?To minimize the amount of waste that is produced. ?To make best use of the waste that is produced. ?To minimize any immediate and future risk of pollution from waste management practices. Objectives can often be arranged in a rough hierarchical order. For example, an overall objective of minimizing the amount of waste that is produced can be used to drive other environmentally friendly and harmful strategic objectives, which in turn can lead to more specific organizational and departmental goals. Therefore, the different waste management options are considered as a hierarchy: 1.Waste reduction as economically feasible. 2.Re-use of objects for example, re-treading tyres or refilling of bottles. 3.Materials recycling composting for example, recovery of energy from waste. 4.Waste disposal. However, accourding to Perrow (1961) that official operative goals can easily become ?ends in themselves?. This shift of attention away from the overall purpose towards the means of achieving it is called ?goal displacement?. Hence, waste disposal comes at the bottom of the hierarchy and includes final disposal to landfill and incineration of waste where no recovery of energy takes place. That is exactly the case with the UK Household Waste Management, with its 85% current disposal; the UK is the most landfill disposal amongst industrial nations. However, some countries are beginning to set limits on the amount of biodegradable waste going landfill such as Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. It is clear from the above discussions that the hierarchical structure is found very widely as a structuring principle in the UK household waste management. With the UK government idea of rational analysis and its assumption that they understand the waste situation which they are analyzing. But is that realistic? While some organizations have been successful in institutionalizing systems that review and challenge basic norms, policies and operating procedures in relation to changes occurring in their environment-e.g. by encouraging ongoing debate and innovation many fail to do so. This failure is especially true of bureaucratic organizations, since their fundamental organizing principles often operate in a way that actually obstructs the learning process. These obstructions are: ?Whole point of bureaucratic approaches to organization is to break the overall task down into small department. ?Employees have an incentive to protect themselves. ?Gap between what people say and what they do. These examples of how organizations often inhibit double-loop learning also indicate how it can be facilitated. In essence, a new philosophy of management is required, to root the process of organizing in a process of open-ended inquiry. It is difficult to address the needs of waste